Breeding strategies for improving the performance and fruit quality of the pepino (Solanum muricatum): A model for the enhancement of underutilized exotic fruits

The pepino (Solanum muricatum Aiton) is a neglected Andean crop that has elicited an increasing interest from exotic fruit markets. The pepino is highly diverse and, by using appropriate breeding strategies, it has been possible to develop new improved materials. Here we review more than a decade of efforts and advancements made in the genetic improvement of the pepino for several traits, with special emphasis on fruit quality. Different strategies, like the use of a wide diversity of genetic resources, exploitation of genotype × environment interaction, use of clonal hybrids, and introgression of genes from wild species, have facilitated significant developments in enhancing the commercial potential of the pepino, and have allowed the development of new cultivars and breeding materials adapted to new agroclimatic conditions. Agronomic performance of the pepino has been improved by the use of genetic parthenocarpy, selection for resistance to Tomato Mosaic Virus, and by developing hybrids, that manifested heterosis, but also did not have lower quality fruit. Breeding for quality has been focused mostly on the improvement of flavor (sweetness and aroma) and nutritional value (ascorbic acid content; AAC). Despite the limited intraspecific diversity available for sugar content, materials with high soluble solids content (SSC) have been selected. Strategies for further increases of SSC and titratable acidity have been based in the use of wild relatives. The study of variation within the cultigen was also helpful in the selection of hybrid genotypes with improved aroma profiles and high AAC values. As a result of the breeding efforts, several cultivars with improved agronomic performance and fruit quality have been produced. The use of biotechnological tools represents an opportunity to use the extensive genomic information compiled for related species, like tomato or potato, for the future improvement and enhancement of pepino quality. The results obtained in the pepino show that ample opportunities exist for improving the commercial potential of under-utilized fruits by means of breeding based on the exploitation of genetic diversity. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Fita, A. (2011). Breeding strategies for improving the performance and fruit quality of the pepino (Solanum muricatum): A model for the enhancement of underutilized exotic fruits. Food Research International. 44(7):1927-1935. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.12.028S1927193544

Screening cultivated eggplant and wild relatives for resistance to sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and to two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)

[EN] Whiteflies and spider mites are amongst the most harmful eggplant (Solanum melongena) pests. Considering the need for reduction of chemical applications for whitefly and spider mite control, the exploitation of wild relatives of eggplant as sources of pest resistances represents an important strategy in order to improve cultivated eggplant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate 15 accessions from 11 species of eggplant wild relatives together with sevenS. melongenaaccessions for resistance to sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and to two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Resistance to whitefly was evaluated based on number of eggs, nymph, puparium and whitefly adults in a choice bioassay, while for two-spotted spider mite it was based on leaf damage scores in the choice and no-choice bioassays. The results revealed significantly (P < 0.05) different levels of resistance to the two pests among the accessions evaluated. Considering all screening parameters in the whitefly choice bioassay, the highest levels of resistance in wild eggplant relatives were detected inSolanum dasyphyllum(DAS1) andS. pyracanthos(PYR1), although one of the cultivatedS. melongena(MEL2) accessions also displayed similar resistance levels. In addition,S. campylacanthum(CAM8) andS. tomentosumTOM1 were also resistant to whitefly based on numbers of puparium and adult whiteflies. Two accessions ofS. sisymbriifolium(SIS1 and SIS2) exhibited strong resistance to two-spotted spider mite based on the choice and no-choice bioassays. High levels of spider mite resistance were also detected in the no-choice assay inS. dasyphyllum(DAS1) andS. torvum(TOR2) accessions. These resistant accessions can be used in pre-breeding program aiming to breed pest-resistant cultivars in cultivated eggplant. Moreover, to our knowledge, this study represents the first report on potential sources of resistance to whitefly and two-spotted spider mite in wild relatives of eggplant.This work was undertaken as part of the initiative ``Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives'' which is supported by the Government of Norway. The project is managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew UK and implemented in partnership with national and international genebanks and plant breeding institutes around the world. For further information, go to the project website: http://www.cwrdiversity.org/.This work has also been funded in part by World Vegetable Center core funds from Republic of China (Taiwan), UK aid from the UK Government, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Germany, Thailand, Philippines, Korea, and Japan.Taher, D.; Ramasamy, S.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rakha, M. (2020). Screening cultivated eggplant and wild relatives for resistance to sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and to two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Euphytica. 216(10):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-020-02692-wS11321610Abudulai M, Shepard BM, Mitchell PL (2001) Parasitism and predation on eggs of Leptoglossus phyllopus (L.) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in cowpea: Impact of endosulfan sprays. 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Genetic analysis indicate superiority of perfomance of cape goosberry (Physalis peruviana L.) hybrids

The use of hybrids as a new type of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) cultivars could improve yield in this crop, but little or no information is available on hybrid perfomance. We studied several vegetative characters, yield, fruit weight and fruit shape, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and ascorbic acid content (AAC) in three hybrids of cape gooseberry and their parents grown outdoors and in a glasshouse. The highest yields were obtained with hybrids, specially in a glasshouse. Interaction dominance environment for yield was very important; a higher dominance effect was detected in the glasshouse, than that observed outdoors. Quality characters were highly affected by the environment and showed variable results for the different families. For fruit composition traits, the additive and additive environment interactions were most important. Broad-sense heritability for all characters was high to medium (0.48-0.91), indicating that a high response to selection would be expected. Hybrids can improve cape gooseberry yield without impairing fruit quality.Leiva-Brondo, M.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2001). Genetic analysis indicate superiority of perfomance of cape goosberry (Physalis peruviana L.) hybrids. Journal of New Seeds. 3(3):71-84. doi:10.1300/J153v03n03_04718433Abak, K., Güler, H. Y., Sari, N., & Paksoy, M. (1994). EARLINESS AND YIELD OF PHYSALIS (P. IXOCARPA BROT. AND P. PERUVIANA L.) IN GREENHOUSE, LOW TUNNEL AND OPEN FIELD. Acta Horticulturae, (366), 301-306. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1994.366.37Kang, M. S. (1997). Using Genotype-by-Environment Interaction for Crop Cultivar Development. Advances in Agronomy Volume 62, 199-252. doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60569-6Klinac, D. J. (1986). Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) production systems. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 14(4), 425-430. doi:10.1080/03015521.1986.10423060Mather, K., & Jinks, J. L. (1977). Introduction to Biometrical Genetics. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5787-9Mazer, S. J., & Schick, C. T. (1991). Constancy of population parameters for life history and floral traits in Raphanus sativus L. I. Norms of reaction and the nature of genotype by environment interactions. Heredity, 67(2), 143-156. doi:10.1038/hdy.1991.74Nyquist, W. E., & Baker, R. J. (1991). Estimation of heritability and prediction of selection response in plant populations. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 10(3), 235-322. doi:10.1080/07352689109382313Pearcy, R. W. (1990). Sunflecks and Photosynthesis in Plant Canopies. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 41(1), 421-453. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.41.060190.002225Péron, J. Y., Demaure, E., & Hannetel, C. (1989). POSSIBILITIES OF TROPICAL SOLANACEAE AND CUCURBITACEAE INTRODUCTION IN FRANCE. Acta Horticulturae, (242), 179-186. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1989.242.24Proctor, F. J. (1990). THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY MARKET FOR TROPICAL FRUIT AND FACTORS LIMITING GROWTH. Acta Horticulturae, (269), 29-40. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1990.269.

Screening of eggplant genotypes for resistance to bacterial wilt disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis

[EN] Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is one of the phytopathogenic bacteria causing bacterial wilt disease and severe yield losses in tomatoes and other solanaceous vegetables. Although there are some reports on Cmm infections in eggplants (Solanum melongena), there is no information available on the resistance sources and genetic control of the resistance to Cmm in this crop. We performed a search for resistance sources to Cmm in eggplants, in a set of 46 genotypes including landraces, inbred lines and cultivars and some cultivated and wild relatives, as well as an analysis of the genetic control of the resistance. A mixture of different Cmm strains from different genomic groups was used for the screening. Plants were inoculated through the injection of 10 mu L of a Cmm suspension at a concentration of 10(7) cfu/mL in a single point of the stem. The symptoms were recorded at nine weeks after the inoculation with a 0-4 symptoms scale. The differences were observed in the symptoms in the collection evaluated, with the disease severity index of the genotypes ranging from 0.00 to 4.00. While 31 genotypes displayed no symptoms, three cultivated eggplant genotypes were highly susceptible. Reciprocal F1 and F2 generations were obtained from the crosses between the most susceptible genotype (CT30) and a resistant one (CT49). The genetic control of the resistance adjusted well to one dominant and one recessive gene model underlying the resistance to Cmm. These results are important for selection and breeding for resistance to Cmm in eggplants.Supported by the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policy, Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Project No. BBSS-10-12.Boyaci, HF.; Kabas, A.; Aysan, Y.; Prohens Tomás, J. (2021). Screening of eggplant genotypes for resistance to bacterial wilt disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Plant Protection Science. 57(2):112-121. https://doi.org/10.17221/105/2020-PPS11212157

Morphological diversity and bioactive compounds in wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.)

[EN] Wall rocket is a wild vegetable with interest to become a crop. However, the information regarding morphological variability in the species is scarce, despite the interest it has received for breeding programs. In addition, evaluating the phytochemical composition can also be useful for developing materials of a high quality. In this study, forty-four populations were evaluated for selected morphoagronomic traits and contents in ascorbic acid (AA), total phenolics (TP), and nitrates (NO3¿). Wall rocket plants had, on average, an intermediate growth habit and a good response to transplant. Moderate variability, mainly for size-related traits, was found, with low to moderate heritability estimates (H2 < 0.35). A Principal Component Analysis revealed that some materials may be selected for differenced traits. On the other hand, wall rocket materials had, on average, high contents in AA (53 mg 100 g¿1) and TP (116 mg CAE 100 g¿1) but also accumulated high levels of NO3¿ (891 mg 100 g¿1). Significant positive correlations were found for AA and TP, which could be exploited for increasing the antioxidant activity and properties of the final product. We provide new information on the variation of wall rocket for traits of morphological and phytochemical interest, which together with other traits, such as the profile of glucosinolates, can be useful for the selection of materials in future breeding programs.C.G. thanks the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (MECD) for the financial support by means of a predoctoral FPU grant (FPU14-06798). Authors also thank the "Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal-UPM Cesar Gomez Campo" (Madrid, Spain) for transfer of seeds.Guijarro-Real, C.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2020). Morphological diversity and bioactive compounds in wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.). Agronomy. 10(2):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020306S114102Shikov, A. N., Tsitsilin, A. N., Pozharitskaya, O. N., Makarov, V. G., & Heinrich, M. (2017). Traditional and Current Food Use of Wild Plants Listed in the Russian Pharmacopoeia. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00841Shin, T., Fujikawa, K., Moe, A. Z., & Uchiyama, H. (2018). Traditional knowledge of wild edible plants with special emphasis on medicinal uses in Southern Shan State, Myanmar. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 14(1). doi:10.1186/s13002-018-0248-1Łuczaj, Ł., Pieroni, A., Tardío, J., Pardo-de-Santayana, M., Sõukand, R., Svanberg, I., & Kalle, R. (2012). Wild food plant use in 21st century Europe: the disappearance of old traditions and the search for new cuisines involving wild edibles. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 81(4), 359-370. doi:10.5586/asbp.2012.031Pinela, J., Carvalho, A. M., & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2017). Wild edible plants: Nutritional and toxicological characteristics, retrieval strategies and importance for today’s society. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 110, 165-188. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.020Licata, M., Tuttolomondo, T., Leto, C., Virga, G., Bonsangue, G., Cammalleri, I., … La Bella, S. (2016). A survey of wild plant species for food use in Sicily (Italy) – results of a 3-year study in four Regional Parks. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 12(1). doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0074-7Guarrera, P. M., & Savo, V. (2016). Wild food plants used in traditional vegetable mixtures in Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 185, 202-234. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.050Spadafora, N. D., Amaro, A. L., Pereira, M. J., Müller, C. T., Pintado, M., & Rogers, H. J. (2016). Multi-trait analysis of post-harvest storage in rocket salad (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) links sensorial, volatile and nutritional data. Food Chemistry, 211, 114-123. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.107Egea-Gilabert, C., Fernández, J. A., Migliaro, D., Martínez-Sánchez, J. J., & Vicente, M. J. (2009). Genetic variability in wild vs. cultivated Eruca vesicaria populations as assessed by morphological, agronomical and molecular analyses. Scientia Horticulturae, 121(3), 260-266. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2009.02.020Disciglio, G., Tarantino, A., Frabboni, L., Gagliardi, A., Giuliani, M. M., Tarantino, E., & Gatta, G. (2017). Qualitative characterization of cultivated and wild edible plants: mineral elements, phenols content and antioxidant capacity. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 11. doi:10.4081/ija.2017.1036Schiattone, M. I., Viggiani, R., Di Venere, D., Sergio, L., Cantore, V., Todorovic, M., … Candido, V. (2018). Impact of irrigation regime and nitrogen rate on yield, quality and water use efficiency of wild rocket under greenhouse conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 229, 182-192. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.10.036Bondonno, C. P., Blekkenhorst, L. C., Liu, A. H., Bondonno, N. P., Ward, N. C., Croft, K. D., & Hodgson, J. M. (2018). Vegetable-derived bioactive nitrate and cardiovascular health. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 61, 83-91. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2017.08.001Lundberg, J. O., Carlström, M., & Weitzberg, E. (2018). Metabolic Effects of Dietary Nitrate in Health and Disease. Cell Metabolism, 28(1), 9-22. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.007Herraiz, F. J., Vilanova, S., Andújar, I., Torrent, D., Plazas, M., Gramazio, P., & Prohens, J. (2015). Morphological and molecular characterization of local varieties, modern cultivars and wild relatives of an emerging vegetable crop, the pepino (Solanum muricatum), provides insight into its diversity, relationships and breeding history. Euphytica, 206(2), 301-318. doi:10.1007/s10681-015-1454-8BGV-UPM. Coleccioneshttp://www.bancodegermoplasma.upm.es/colecciones.html.Taranto, F., Francese, G., Di Dato, F., D’Alessandro, A., Greco, B., Onofaro Sanajà, V., … Tripodi, P. (2016). Leaf Metabolic, Genetic, and Morphophysiological Profiles of Cultivated and Wild Rocket Salad (Eruca and Diplotaxis Spp.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(29), 5824-5836. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01737Bell, L., Methven, L., Signore, A., Oruna-Concha, M. J., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). Analysis of seven salad rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions: The relationships between sensory attributes and volatile and non-volatile compounds. Food Chemistry, 218, 181-191. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.076Herraiz, F. J., Vilanova, S., Plazas, M., Gramazio, P., Andújar, I., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., … Prohens, J. (2015). Phenological growth stages of pepino (Solanum muricatum) according to the BBCH scale. Scientia Horticulturae, 183, 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.12.008Guijarro-Real, C., Adalid-Martínez, A. M., Gregori-Montaner, A., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2020). Factors affecting germination of Diplotaxis erucoides and their effect on selected quality properties of the germinated products. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 109013. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109013Rodríguez, G. R., Moyseenko, J. B., Robbins, M. D., Huarachi Morejón, N., Francis, D. M., & van der Knaap, E. (2010). Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects. Journal of Visualized Experiments, (37). doi:10.3791/1856Guijarro-Real, C., Prohens, J., Rodriguez-Burruezo, A., Adalid-Martínez, A. M., López-Gresa, M. P., & Fita, A. (2019). Wild edible fool’s watercress, a potential crop with high nutraceutical properties. PeerJ, 7, e6296. doi:10.7717/peerj.6296Egea-Gilabert, C., Ruiz-Hernández, M. V., Parra, M. Á., & Fernández, J. A. (2014). Characterization of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) accessions: Suitability as ready-to-eat product. Scientia Horticulturae, 172, 73-81. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.03.051Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Prohens, J., & Nuez, F. (2002). Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Two Growing Seasons. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 127(2), 271-278. doi:10.21273/jashs.127.2.271Metsalu, T., & Vilo, J. (2015). ClustVis: a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Research, 43(W1), W566-W570. doi:10.1093/nar/gkv468Prohens, J., Gramazio, P., Plazas, M., Dempewolf, H., Kilian, B., Díez, M. J., … Vilanova, S. (2017). Introgressiomics: a new approach for using crop wild relatives in breeding for adaptation to climate change. Euphytica, 213(7). doi:10.1007/s10681-017-1938-9Mousavizadeh, S. J., Hassandokht, M. R., & Kashi, A. (2015). Multivariate analysis of edible Asparagus species in Iran by morphological characters. Euphytica, 206(2), 445-457. doi:10.1007/s10681-015-1508-yD’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2008). Glucosinolates in Diplotaxis and Eruca leaves: Diversity, taxonomic relations and applied aspects. Phytochemistry, 69(1), 187-199. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.019Di Gioia, F., Avato, P., Serio, F., & Argentieri, M. P. (2018). Glucosinolate profile of Eruca sativa, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Diplotaxis erucoides grown in soil and soilless systems. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69, 197-204. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.022Colonna, E., Rouphael, Y., Barbieri, G., & De Pascale, S. (2016). Nutritional quality of ten leafy vegetables harvested at two light intensities. Food Chemistry, 199, 702-710. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.068Salvatore, S., Pellegrini, N., Brenna, O. V., Del Rio, D., Frasca, G., Brighenti, F., & Tumino, R. (2005). Antioxidant Characterization of Some Sicilian Edible Wild Greens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(24), 9465-9471. doi:10.1021/jf051806rBennett, R. N., Rosa, E. A. S., Mellon, F. A., & Kroon, P. A. (2006). Ontogenic Profiling of Glucosinolates, Flavonoids, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Eruca sativa (Salad Rocket), Diplotaxis erucoides (Wall Rocket), Diplotaxis tenuifolia (Wild Rocket), and Bunias orientalis (Turkish Rocket). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(11), 4005-4015. doi:10.1021/jf052756tFrancisco, M., Velasco, P., Moreno, D. A., García-Viguera, C., & Cartea, M. E. (2010). Cooking methods of Brassica rapa affect the preservation of glucosinolates, phenolics and vitamin C. Food Research International, 43(5), 1455-1463. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.04.024Bell, L., Oloyede, O. O., Lignou, S., Wagstaff, C., & Methven, L. (2018). Taste and Flavor Perceptions of Glucosinolates, Isothiocyanates, and Related Compounds. 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Potential of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) as a new crop: influence of the growing conditions on the visual quality of the final product

[EN] Wild edible plants can be used for developing new crops and diversifying food markets. Wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) is an annual weed with potential as a new crop. The present study aims at evaluating the effects of different growing conditions in the visual quality of this potential new crop. We evaluated eleven accessions of wall rocket, together with commercial rocket accessions (Eruca sativa and D. tenuifolia). Experiments were simultaneously conducted under field and greenhouse systems, and performed during two seasons. Fifteen descriptors related to leaf size, colour and shape were evaluated. Analysis of variance detected significant differences in size and shape among the three species studied, revealing the distinctiveness of wall rocket from the other rocket crops. This distinctiveness may enhance its establishment as a new crop. Comparison between the wall rocket accessions was also performed. There was relatively low morphological diversity among them. By contrast, the growing conditions had a high effect on the visual quality, especially for colour related traits and intensity of lobation, and also in the flowering time. As a consequence, the heritability estimates were low to moderate. The principal component analysis (PCA) clustered accessions according to the growing conditions, thus reinforcing the importance of environment in the morphology of wall rocket. The most promising quality of the leaves was obtained under field conditions, where the bright green colour and intensity of lobation were enhanced. In particular, accession DER006-1 was identified as a good candidate for developing a new cultivar. These results establish a basis for the management of wall rocket as a new crop. At the same time, results regarding the low diversity registered for morphology in the accessions evaluated have important implications for future breeding programmes of wall rocket.C. Guijarro-Real is grateful to the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (MECD) for the predoctoral FPU grant (FPU14-06798). Authors also thank Dr. A. M. Adalid-Martinez, Ms. K. Aguirre, and Ms. S. Benicka for helping in the field tasks.Guijarro-Real, C.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2019). Potential of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) as a new crop: influence of the growing conditions on the visual quality of the final product. Scientia Horticulturae. 258:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108778S19258Araj, S.-E., & Wratten, S. D. (2015). Comparing existing weeds and commonly used insectary plants as floral resources for a parasitoid. Biological Control, 81, 15-20. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.11.003Bell, L., Methven, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). The influence of phytochemical composition and resulting sensory attributes on preference for salad rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions by consumers of varying TAS2R38 diplotype. Food Chemistry, 222, 6-17. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.153Bell, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2014). Glucosinolates, Myrosinase Hydrolysis Products, and Flavonols Found in Rocket (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(20), 4481-4492. doi:10.1021/jf501096xBianco, V. V., Santamaria, P., & Elia, A. (1998). NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND NITRATE CONTENT IN EDIBLE WILD SPECIES USED IN SOUTHERN ITALY. Acta Horticulturae, (467), 71-90. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1998.467.7Bonasia, A., Lazzizera, C., Elia, A., & Conversa, G. (2017). Nutritional, Biophysical and Physiological Characteristics of Wild Rocket Genotypes As Affected by Soilless Cultivation System, Salinity Level of Nutrient Solution and Growing Period. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00300Buitrago Acevedo, M. F., Groen, T. A., Hecker, C. A., & Skidmore, A. K. (2017). Identifying leaf traits that signal stress in TIR spectra. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 125, 132-145. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.01.014Caruso, G., Parrella, G., Giorgini, M., & Nicoletti, R. (2018). Crop Systems, Quality and Protection of Diplotaxis tenuifolia. Agriculture, 8(4), 55. doi:10.3390/agriculture8040055Cavaiuolo, M., & Ferrante, A. (2014). Nitrates and Glucosinolates as Strong Determinants of the Nutritional Quality in Rocket Leafy Salads. Nutrients, 6(4), 1519-1538. doi:10.3390/nu6041519Colonna, E., Rouphael, Y., Barbieri, G., & De Pascale, S. (2016). Nutritional quality of ten leafy vegetables harvested at two light intensities. Food Chemistry, 199, 702-710. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.068D’Amelia, V., Aversano, R., Ruggiero, A., Batelli, G., Appelhagen, I., Dinacci, C., … Carputo, D. (2017). Subfunctionalization of duplicate MYB genes in Solanum commersonii generated the cold-induced ScAN2 and the anthocyanin regulator ScAN1. Plant, Cell & Environment, 41(5), 1038-1051. doi:10.1111/pce.12966D’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2008). Glucosinolates in Diplotaxis and Eruca leaves: Diversity, taxonomic relations and applied aspects. Phytochemistry, 69(1), 187-199. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.019D’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2009). Exploring new potential health-promoting vegetables: glucosinolates and sensory attributes of rocket salads and relatedDiplotaxisandErucaspecies. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(4), 713-722. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3507Di Gioia, F., Avato, P., Serio, F., & Argentieri, M. P. (2018). Glucosinolate profile of Eruca sativa, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Diplotaxis erucoides grown in soil and soilless systems. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69, 197-204. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.022Egea-Gilabert, C., Fernández, J. A., Migliaro, D., Martínez-Sánchez, J. J., & Vicente, M. J. (2009). Genetic variability in wild vs. cultivated Eruca vesicaria populations as assessed by morphological, agronomical and molecular analyses. Scientia Horticulturae, 121(3), 260-266. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2009.02.020Egea-Gilabert, C., Niñirola, D., Conesa, E., Candela, M. E., & Fernández, J. A. (2013). Agronomical use as baby leaf salad of Silene vulgaris based on morphological, biochemical and molecular traits. Scientia Horticulturae, 152, 35-43. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2013.01.018Egea-Gilabert, C., Ruiz-Hernández, M. V., Parra, M. Á., & Fernández, J. A. (2014). Characterization of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) accessions: Suitability as ready-to-eat product. Scientia Horticulturae, 172, 73-81. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.03.051Figàs, M. R., Prohens, J., Casanova, C., Fernández-de-Córdova, P., & Soler, S. (2018). Variation of morphological descriptors for the evaluation of tomato germplasm and their stability across different growing conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 238, 107-115. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.039Figàs, M. R., Prohens, J., Raigón, M. D., Pereira-Dias, L., Casanova, C., García-Martínez, M. D., … Soler, S. (2018). Insights Into the Adaptation to Greenhouse Cultivation of the Traditional Mediterranean Long Shelf-Life Tomato Carrying the alc Mutation: A Multi-Trait Comparison of Landraces, Selections, and Hybrids in Open Field and Greenhouse. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01774Guarrera, P. M., & Savo, V. (2016). Wild food plants used in traditional vegetable mixtures in Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 185, 202-234. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.050Hatfield, J. L., & Prueger, J. H. (2015). Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development. Weather and Climate Extremes, 10, 4-10. doi:10.1016/j.wace.2015.08.001Martínez-Laborde, J. B., Pita-Villamil, J. M., & Pérez-García, F. (2007). Short communication. Secondary dormancy in Diplotaxis erucoides: a possible adaptative strategy as an annual weed. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(3), 402. doi:10.5424/sjar/2007053-265Metsalu, T., & Vilo, J. (2015). ClustVis: a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Research, 43(W1), W566-W570. doi:10.1093/nar/gkv468Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Prohens, J., & Nuez, F. (2002). Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Two Growing Seasons. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 127(2), 271-278. doi:10.21273/jashs.127.2.271Roshanak, S., Rahimmalek, M., & Goli, S. A. H. (2015). Evaluation of seven different drying treatments in respect to total flavonoid, phenolic, vitamin C content, chlorophyll, antioxidant activity and color of green tea (Camellia sinensis or C. assamica) leaves. 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Understanding and utilizing crop genome diversity via high-resolution genotyping. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 14(4), 1086-1094. doi:10.1111/pbi.1245

Consumers acceptance and volatile profile of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides)

[EN] Wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) is a wild edible herb traditionally consumed in the Mediterranean regions with a characteristic, pungent flavour. However, little is known about its acceptance as a potential new crop. In the present study, an hedonic test with 98 volunteers was performed in order to evaluate the potential of wall rocket as a new crop. Three products were tested corresponding to microgreens, seedlings and baby-leaves. The volatile constituents were also studied due to their probable influence on acceptance, and compared to Dijon's mustard and wasabi. The degree of acceptance was mainly related to taste and pungency. Microgreens were well accepted, whereas seedlings and baby-leaves were mainly appreciated by individuals that enjoy pungent tastes. The purchase intent was also highly related to the acceptance of taste and pungency. The volatiles profile revealed that wall rocket was rich in allyl isothiocyanate, like mustard and wasabi. This compound may be greatly responsible of the relationship between the acceptance of mustard, wasabi and wall rocket. Microgreens displayed the highest levels of isothiocyanates, although the quantity of product tested by panellists did not probably allow the appreciation of such compounds. In baby-leaves, a significant decrease in isothiocyanates GC area and relative abundances was observed. These results suggest that wall rocket microgreens would be accepted by a significant proportion of the general public since pungency is lowly perceived in the product, despite its high levels of isothiocyanates. By contrast, baby-leaves may become a crop for a cohort of consumers that enjoy pungent flavours.C. Guijarro-Real thanks the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (MECD) for its financial support with a PhD grant (FPU14-06798). Authors also thank Dr. A.M. Adalid and Dr. C.K. Pires for support in the tasting session, and Ms. E. Moreno for assistance with the GC-MS analysis.Guijarro-Real, C.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2020). Consumers acceptance and volatile profile of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides). Food Research International. 132:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109008S19132Agneta, R., Lelario, F., De Maria, S., Möllers, C., Bufo, S. A., & Rivelli, A. R. (2014). Glucosinolate profile and distribution among plant tissues and phenological stages of field-grown horseradish. Phytochemistry, 106, 178-187. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.06.019Angelino, D., Dosz, E. B., Sun, J., Hoeflinger, J. L., Van Tassell, M. L., Chen, P., … Jeffery, E. H. (2015). Myrosinase-dependent and –independent formation and control of isothiocyanate products of glucosinolate hydrolysis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00831Bell, L., Methven, L., Signore, A., Oruna-Concha, M. J., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). Analysis of seven salad rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions: The relationships between sensory attributes and volatile and non-volatile compounds. Food Chemistry, 218, 181-191. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.076Bell, L., Methven, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). The influence of phytochemical composition and resulting sensory attributes on preference for salad rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions by consumers of varying TAS2R38 diplotype. Food Chemistry, 222, 6-17. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.153Bell, L., Oloyede, O. O., Lignou, S., Wagstaff, C., & Methven, L. (2018). Taste and Flavor Perceptions of Glucosinolates, Isothiocyanates, and Related Compounds. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 62(18), 1700990. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700990Bell, L., Spadafora, N. D., Müller, C. T., Wagstaff, C., & Rogers, H. J. (2016). Use of TD-GC–TOF-MS to assess volatile composition during post-harvest storage in seven accessions of rocket salad (Eruca sativa). Food Chemistry, 194, 626-636. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.043Bell, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). Enhancement Of Glucosinolate and Isothiocyanate Profiles in Brassicaceae Crops: Addressing Challenges in Breeding for Cultivation, Storage, and Consumer-Related Traits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(43), 9379-9403. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03628Bell, L., Yahya, H. N., Oloyede, O. O., Methven, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). Changes in rocket salad phytochemicals within the commercial supply chain: Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, amino acids and bacterial load increase significantly after processing. Food Chemistry, 221, 521-534. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.154Bennett, R. N., Rosa, E. A. S., Mellon, F. A., & Kroon, P. A. (2006). Ontogenic Profiling of Glucosinolates, Flavonoids, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Eruca sativa (Salad Rocket), Diplotaxis erucoides (Wall Rocket), Diplotaxis tenuifolia (Wild Rocket), and Bunias orientalis (Turkish Rocket). 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Phytochemistry, 69(1), 187-199. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.019D’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2009). Exploring new potential health-promoting vegetables: glucosinolates and sensory attributes of rocket salads and relatedDiplotaxisandErucaspecies. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(4), 713-722. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3507Di Gioia, F., Avato, P., Serio, F., & Argentieri, M. P. (2018). Glucosinolate profile of Eruca sativa, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Diplotaxis erucoides grown in soil and soilless systems. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69, 197-204. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.022Dinkova-Kostova, A. T., & Kostov, R. V. (2012). Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in health and disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 18(6), 337-347. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.003Dinnella, C., Torri, L., Caporale, G., & Monteleone, E. (2014). An exploratory study of sensory attributes and consumer traits underlying liking for and perceptions of freshness for ready to eat mixed salad leaves in Italy. Food Research International, 59, 108-116. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.02.009Evans, R., & Irving, M. (2018). Forager. https://www.forager.org.uk/ (accessed 30th March 2019).Gols, R., van Dam, N. M., Reichelt, M., Gershenzon, J., Raaijmakers, C. E., Bullock, J. M., & Harvey, J. A. (2018). Seasonal and herbivore-induced dynamics of foliar glucosinolates in wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea). Chemoecology, 28(3), 77-89. doi:10.1007/s00049-018-0258-4Guarrera, P. M., & Savo, V. (2013). Perceived health properties of wild and cultivated food plants in local and popular traditions of Italy: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 146(3), 659-680. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.036Guarrera, P. M., & Savo, V. (2016). Wild food plants used in traditional vegetable mixtures in Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 185, 202-234. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.050Guijarro-Real, C., Adalid-Martínez, A. M., Aguirre, K., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2019). Growing Conditions Affect the Phytochemical Composition of Edible Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides). Agronomy, 9(12), 858. doi:10.3390/agronomy9120858Guijarro-Real, C., Adalid-Martínez, A. M., Gregori-Montaner, A., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2020). Factors affecting germination of Diplotaxis erucoides and their effect on selected quality properties of the germinated products. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 109013. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109013Guijarro-Real, C., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Prohens, J., & Fita, A. (2018). Importance of the growing system in the leaf morphology of Diplotaxis erucoides. Acta Horticulturae, (1202), 25-32. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2018.1202.4Guijarro-Real, C., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2019). Potential of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) as a new crop: Influence of the growing conditions on the visual quality of the final product. Scientia Horticulturae, 258, 108778. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108778Guijarro-Real, C., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Prohens, J., Raigón, M. D., & Fita, A. (2019). HS-SPME analysis of the volatiles profile of water celery (Apium nodiflorum), a wild vegetable with increasing culinary interest. Food Research International, 121, 765-775. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.054Huang, L., Li, B.-L., He, C.-X., Zhao, Y.-J., Yang, X.-L., Pang, B., … Shan, Y.-J. (2018). Sulforaphane inhibits human bladder cancer cell invasion by reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via directly targeting microRNA-200c/ZEB1 axis. Journal of Functional Foods, 41, 118-126. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.034Ishida, M., Hara, M., Fukino, N., Kakizaki, T., & Morimitsu, Y. (2014). Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables. Breeding Science, 64(1), 48-59. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.64.48Licata, M., Tuttolomondo, T., Leto, C., Virga, G., Bonsangue, G., Cammalleri, I., … La Bella, S. (2016). A survey of wild plant species for food use in Sicily (Italy) – results of a 3-year study in four Regional Parks. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 12(1). doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0074-7López-Chillón, M. T., Carazo-Díaz, C., Prieto-Merino, D., Zafrilla, P., Moreno, D. A., & Villaño, D. (2019). Effects of long-term consumption of broccoli sprouts on inflammatory markers in overweight subjects. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2), 745-752. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.006López-Gresa, M. P., Lisón, P., Campos, L., Rodrigo, I., Rambla, J. L., Granell, A., … Bellés, J. M. (2017). A Non-targeted Metabolomics Approach Unravels the VOCs Associated with the Tomato Immune Response against Pseudomonas syringae. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01188Łuczaj, Ł., Pieroni, A., Tardío, J., Pardo-de-Santayana, M., Sõukand, R., Svanberg, I., & Kalle, R. (2012). Wild food plant use in 21st century Europe: the disappearance of old traditions and the search for new cuisines involving wild edibles. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 81(4), 359-370. doi:10.5586/asbp.2012.031MA, Y., SONG, D., WANG, Z., JIANG, J., JIANG, T., CUI, F., & FAN, X. (2010). EFFECT OF ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE TREATMENT ON VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN GARLIC. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 34(6), 1915-1930. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4530.2009.00502.xMetsalu, T., & Vilo, J. (2015). ClustVis: a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Research, 43(W1), W566-W570. doi:10.1093/nar/gkv468Molina-Calle, M., Priego-Capote, F., & Luque de Castro, M. D. (2017). 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N., Camargo, E. A. de, & Salvadori, D. M. F. (2014). Cell cycle kinetics, apoptosis rates, DNA damage and TP53 gene expression in bladder cancer cells treated with allyl isothiocyanate (mustard essential oil). Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 762, 40-46. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.02.006SCHUTZ, H. G., & CARDELLO, A. V. (2001). A LABELED AFFECTIVE MAGNITUDE (LAM) SCALE FOR ASSESSING FOOD LIKING/DISLIKING. Journal of Sensory Studies, 16(2), 117-159. doi:10.1111/j.1745-459x.2001.tb00293.xSdiri, S., Rambla, J. L., Besada, C., Granell, A., & Salvador, A. (2017). Changes in the volatile profile of citrus fruit submitted to postharvest degreening treatment. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 133, 48-56. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.07.001Shikov, A. N., Tsitsilin, A. N., Pozharitskaya, O. N., Makarov, V. G., & Heinrich, M. (2017). Traditional and Current Food Use of Wild Plants Listed in the Russian Pharmacopoeia. 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Turia pepino

Turia is a new salad pepino cultivar adapted to greenhouse cultivation in a wide range of environments with high yield and improved fruit quality. Its fruit is ovate in shape and has golden yellow skin covered with purple stripes, mild flavour and intense aroma. Turia is the first pepino cultivar tolerant to tomato mosaic virus.Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Leiva-Brondo, M.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2004). Turia pepino. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 84(2):603-606. doi:10.4141/P03-108S60360684

Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group

Background: The common or brinjal eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) belongs to the Leptostemonum Clade (the "spiny'' solanums) of the species-rich genus Solanum (Solanaceae). Unlike most of the genus, the eggplant and its relatives are from the Old World; most eggplant wild relatives are from Africa. An informal system for naming eggplant wild relatives largely based on crossing and other biosystematics data has been in use for approximately a decade. This system recognises several forms of two broadly conceived species, S. incanum L. and S. melongena. Recent morphological and molecular work has shown that species-level differences exist between these entities, and a new species-level nomenclature has been identified as necessary for plant breeders and for the maintenance of accurately named germplasm. Methodology/Principal Findings: We examined herbarium specimens from throughout the wild species ranges as part of a larger revision of the spiny solanums of Africa. Based on these morphological and molecular studies, we delimited species in the group to which the common eggplant belongs and constructed identification keys for the group. We also examined the monophyly of the group considered as the eggplant relatives by previous authors. Conclusions/Significance: We recognise ten species in this group: S. aureitomentosum Bitter, S. campylacanthum A. Rich., S. cerasiferum Dunal, S. incanum L., S. insanum L., S. lichtensteinii Willd., S. linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M.L. Jaeger, S. melongena L., S. rigidum Lam. and S. umtuma Voronts. & S. Knapp. We review the history of naming and provide keys and character lists for all species. Ploidy level differences have not been investigated in the eggplant wild relatives; we identify this as a priority for improvement of crop wild relative use in breeding. The application of species-level names to these entities will help focus new collecting efforts for brinjal eggplant improvement and help facilitate information exchange.SK and MSV's work in Solanum taxonomy has been funded by the National Science Foundation, Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (PBI) project "Solanum: A worldwide treatment'' (DEB-0316614). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Knapp, S.; Vorontsova, MS.; Prohens Tomás, J. (2013). Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE. 8:57039-57039. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.005703957039570398Frodin, D. G. (2004). History and concepts of big plant genera. TAXON, 53(3), 753-776. doi:10.2307/4135449Knapp, S., Bohs, L., Nee, M., & Spooner, D. M. (2004). Solanaceae—A Model for Linking Genomics with Biodiversity. 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Wild Potatoes (Solanum section Petota; Solanaceae) of North and Central America. Systematic Botany Monographs, 68, 1. doi:10.2307/25027915OVCHINNIKOVA, A., KRYLOVA, E., GAVRILENKO, T., SMEKALOVA, T., ZHUK, M., KNAPP, S., & SPOONER, D. M. (2011). Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 165(2), 107-155. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01107.xTepe, E. J., & Bohs, L. (2011). A Revision of Solanum Section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany, 36(4), 1068-1087. doi:10.1600/036364411x605074Simon, R., Xie, C. H., Clausen, A., Jansky, S. H., Halterman, D., Conner, T., … Spooner, D. (2010). Wild and Cultivated Potato (Solanum sect. Petota) Escaped and Persistent Outside of its Natural Range. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 3(3), 286-293. doi:10.1614/ipsm-d-09-00043.1Moyle, L. C., & Nakazato, T. (2010). Hybrid Incompatibility «Snowballs» Between Solanum Species. 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Detection of honey adulteration by conventional and real-time PCR

[EN] This work applies both conventional and real-time PCR DNA amplification techniques for detecting and quantifying rice molasses in honey. Different levels of adulteration were simulated (1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50%) using commercial rice molasses. Among the different specific genes of rice tested by PCR, the PLD1 primer was the most effective. This allowed the visualization in agarose gel of this type of adulterant up to 5-20%. Moreover, by means of real-time PCR it was possible to distinguish the different levels of rice DNA, and therefore the percentage of adulteration (1-50%). A standard curve built with the DNA serial dilutions of rice genomic DNA concentrations showed that the quantification level was between 2-5%. These results offer compelling evidence that DNA techniques could be useful not only for the detection of adulterations of honey with rice molasses but also for the quantification of levels lower than those of conventional techniques.This study is part of part of the projects funded by the "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion" (AGL2016-77702-R) and by the "Generalitat Valenciana" (AICO/2015/104) of Spain, for which the authors are grateful.Sobrino-Gregorio, L.; Vilanova Navarro, S.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Escriche Roberto, MI. (2019). Detection of honey adulteration by conventional and real-time PCR. Food Control. 95:57-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.037S57629